/зохиогчийн эрхээр хамгаалагдана/
Chronology of Mongolian and related history which is constantly being collected by Bolod.
209- BC- The Hunnus/or Huns/, the ancestors of Mongols and Tiurkic peoples/Yakuts, Tuvans, Altains, Kyrgyzs and Kazaks/ establish their first state.
402-Nirun State of Mongol speaking people is established by Shelun, the son of the leader of Baruungar Mongols, who unifies both Baruun Gar and Zuun Gar Mongols. The capital of the state is located in Hangai Mountains.
552-After defeating Nirun Mongols, the Tiurkics of Yakuts, Tuvans, Altais and partially of Kazaks establish their state.
744- Uigurs rebell against Turkics and expand their habitat from Lake Balkash to Lake Baykal , with capital in Kara Balgas found in today's Huvsgul aymag.
745-Uigur, the shaman believers found their empire in today's Mongolia;
840-the Kyrgyzs from Siberia's Yenisei, drive the Uighurs west to the Tarim Basin.
907-After the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, the Chinese rulers retreat south and the Kidans, a proto-Mongolian people establish their state.
925- The Mongol- speaking Kitans drive away the Kyrgizs and establish the Liao dynasty on land to west from Altai Mountains and to south from Herlen River.
947-Kidan Mongols adopt Chinese characters for their literature;
1115-the Zurchids or Zurchens( proto- Manchus) overrun the Kitan-the proto-Mongols and found the Jin dynasty;
1124-the Kitans are driven to southwest.
1135-Mongols led by Habul Khaan win 12-year war against the norther China; the Kitans defeat the Seljuks and establish the Kara-kitai state.
gainst Zurchids or Zurchens/proto-Manchu/; Mongols led by Khabul Khan, Chingiz Khaan's great grand-father, raid the northern China.
1162. 5. 31-Temuujin/future Great Chingis Khaan/ is born in family of Esukhei, unofficial Khaan of Mongolian State in the basin of Onon River in today's north-eastern Mongolia;
1170 -Esukhei, a Mongol warrior and father of Chingis Khaan dies after being cowardly poisoned by Tatar tribesmen, leaving behind Temuujin/9 year-old/, Hasar/7/, Hachun/5/, Temuge/3/ and Temulen, the daughter from his 1st wife, Oelun and another 2 sons from Sochigel, his 2nd wife-Begter and Belgutei; Muhulai, one of future top generals of Chingis Khaan is born in Onon River basin;
1172-Temujin makes friendship with Jamukha.
1176-Subedei, one of Chinggis Khaan's top Generals, is born in Habal's family of Uryankhai tribe;
1177-Temujin meets Borchy, his life-time friend and one of his best generals in future.
1179-Borte is abducted by the Merged/Merkid/ this leads to a military campaign against the Merkits, by the combined forces of Toghrul, Temujin and Temujin's friend, Jamukha. Jamukha was another vassal of Toghrul. The Merkit tribe is defeated and Temuujin liberates Borte, his wife; Zuchi, his oldest son is born; Temuujin and Jamukha spend the winter camp together.
1182- Jamukha breaks his friendship with Temuujin.
1183-Tsagadai, the Chingis Khaan's 2nd son is born.
1186-Ogodei, his 3rd son is born.
1189-5.05-Temuujin is given the title of Chingis Khaan at the Hurildai/assembly/ of several Mongol tribes held on banks of Hokh Nuur Lake and the Mongol state is re-established-Chingis Khaan battles.
1190-Temuujin battles Jamukha.
1193-Tului, the Khaan's youngest son is born.
1198-A war breaks out between tatar tribe and Zurchens who occupied 1/3 of China and declared today's Beijing as capital. Zurchens asks help from Tooril and Temuujin/Chingis/. In order to take the revenge for his father's death, Temuujin allies with Zurchens. On banks of Uldz River in the north-eastern Mongolia, the allied forces of Zurchens of Altan State, Tooril Khaan and Chingis defeat Tatars. Toril receives the title "Ong" and Chingis gets "chaudhuri" from Zurchens;
1197-Ong Khaan of Khereids, a Mongol speaking tribe from the basins of Tuul and Orkhon rivers, submits to Chingis Khaan;
1199-The Khaan battles Naiman tribe;
13th century:
1200-The Khaan battles Taichuuds on basin of Onon River;
1202-Chingiz destroyes Tatar tribesmen as the revenge for his father’s death; Jamukha is elected a Khan by his followers, and is given the title Gur-khan. Jamukha builds up a coalition aganst Temujin/Chingis/; Altan;
1203- Allied forces of Ong/Toril/ Khan, Sengum and Jamukha makes a surprise attack on Chingis near a place called Eleet. During the bloody batlle, Ogodei, the 3rd son of Chingis Khaan and Sengum, the son Toril are injured. Ong Khan retreats for the treatment of his son. Chingis takes a break too and he counts only 2600 of his men. The remnant forces of Chingis Khaan camp near Halhiin Gol River and to east from Hingan Mountains. In a few days, Chingiz fights back with the surprise attack at night on Ong's forces stationed in Tuul River area. After 3 days of heavy battles, Chingis forces defeat the Khereids. Ong Khan and Sengum escape, but soon after Ong Khan is killed by Naimans. Sengum dies afterwards near Tenger Montain. Khereid State ceases the existance; Then Jamukha joins the Naimans of Tayan;
1204- Naimans of Tayan Khan supported by Jamukha, Hatagins, Saljuts, some Honkhereids, the remnants of Khereids and Mergeds/or Merkits/ of Toktobukh, attack on Chingis. The battle takes place first near Orkhon River basin where Naimans are defeated then continues in Tamir River area. Jamukha escapes the battle, but soon is betrayed by his men and delivered by his men to Chingis Khaan. Jamukha is executed. The Secret History describes how this happens upon Jamukha's own request, he is insistent that he be executed even when Temujin offers renewal of their brotherhood. Temujin accepted delivery of Jamukha, but executes those who had betrayed him. People who betray others merit the harshest punishment according to Temuchin, who could not trust unprincipled people who betrayed their master;Chingis vins the Naimans killing Tayan/the Naimans were in league with a multitude of other tribes, among them the Mergeds, the Jadiran under Jamukha/; Future Guyug Khaan, the oldest son of the Great Ogodei Khaan is born and grows up in Mongolia;
1206
-First united Mongol State is established at Great Hurildai held on banks of Onon River . 45-year old Chingis is confirmed as The Great Khaan. The decision to conquer the world is taken;
1207-The future Batu Khaan, the second son of Zuchi/the oldest son of Chingis Khaan/ is born in Orkhon Valley and grows up in Mongolia; Chingis second time, attacks Tanguts/Hsi-Hsia/; Following the orders of the father, Zuchy moves to northern direction to occupy tribes in the basins of Selenge and Yenisey Rivers; Yenisey's Kyrgyzs admit Mongol rule;
1208- Chingis Khaan settles in a golden palace; The Khaan orders the young general Subeedei to destroy Naimans;
1209-Mongols third time attack Tanguts and defeat them; Uigurs from Eastern Turkistan capitulate to Mongols; Future Munkhe Khaan is born; Mongols defeat Kyrgyzs of the Yenisei, forcing them to flee south to the Tien Shan Mountains; Mongols campaign fourth time against the Tanguts, who had established a Chinese-style dynasty known as the Xia/ located in today's north-western China/, along the old silk roads;
1210-Future Guyug Khaan is born; Chingis Khaan sentences his shaman. Tev Tenger to death; The Khwarezmians defeat the Qarakhitais; Uigurs and Mongols compose the national writings; Mongols prepare for the war against Altan State of Zurchens;
1211-Chingis Khaan returns to Mongolia from the defeated Tangut State; In March, Chingis Khaan prayes on the peak of Burkhan Haldun, the most sacred mountain of Mongols asking help from the eternal sky; In the spring, departing from Herlen River, Chingis Khaan commences the war against the Zurchen state in the today's north-eastern China; In August, the Khaan is injured during a battle near Datung city; Mongol troops occupy northern Chinese cities. Mongol tribes are liberated from the yoke of Altan State of Zurchens; Mutogoon, the most loved grand-son of Chingis Khaan killed during the battle for Bamyan fortress in today's Afghanistan. Mutogoon was the oldest son of Tsagaadai/2nd son of Chingis Khaan/;
1212-Mongol troops continue assaults on Chinese lands; Chingis Khaan is injured 2nd time;
1213-Mongol armies advance towards the southern China; Tanguts aid the Mongols in their assault Altan Kingdom of Zurchens or Zurchids, the ancestors of Manchus;
1215-The Mongols sack and burn Jundu/today’s Beijing /. Chinese ruler surrenders to Khaan; Chingis Khaan returns to the homeland; The future Hubilai Khaan is born; Chingis Khaan acquiresYeh-lu Chu'tsai, a Chinese of Mongol origin, as one of his closest advisers. Yeh-lu Chu'tsai was descended from Mongols who, in the tenth and eleventh centuries had entered the service of the Liao state, which came into existence during the ninth century as an offspring of a culture which originated as a result of contacts between Mongol pastoralists and Chinese farmers. Soon the Liao began to embark on military conquest, and before long they had established a state that encompassed the steppe area between Manchuria and T'ien-shan mountains. The Liao gradually became sinicized, as could be expected. Yeh-lu was not a barbarian by any means; he was a supremely learned man of elevated culture, an academician with all the highest Chinese academic credentials, but as the divorce between religion and science had not yet taken place, he was also a shaman, a healer, herbalist, and astrologer. He also worked as a diviner specializing in reading sheep's shoulder blades to predict the future and determine the rightfulness of every Mongol campaign. Mongol campaigns he worked successfully with medical herbs to minimize the spread of epidemics after the destructions of the war. The relationship, which was actually a profound spiritual bond, between Chingis Khan and Yeh-lu Chu'tsai lasted for the rest of Chingis Khan's life;
1217- General Mukhulai receives the order to complete the occupation of China; Borohul, a lost boy/the future top General /is adopted by Oelun, the mother of Chingis Khaan;
1218-Mongols occupy eastern Turkistan/today's Xinjiang/;
1219- Khorezm’s Shah of Seljuks slaughters a big Mongol caravan of merchants which is sent to set up busines in Islamic Lands at Otrar, in the far west of modern Kazakstan/ in Transoxiana. Khorezm lay south of the Aral Sea in the lower reaches of the Amudarya River . The area between Syrdarya and Amudarya was called Sogdiana by local people. Arabian sources called it Movarennahr.Whole delegation made of both Mongols and moslems is killed. When the news of this massacre reaches, Chingis Khaan is shoked by the news and comes to undescribable condition of rage. He goes to the summit of a hill and turns his face towards the Burkhan Haldun Mountain and prays for 3 days saying "I am not the author of this great trouble, grant me strenth to exact vengeance; Mongols declare a war and destroy Khara-Khitan;
1219-Leading his 200000 strong cavalry, Chingis along with his beauty queen, Hulan and their son, Hulgen and daughter, Guluge, departs from Altai Mountains and crosses the Jaxartes River ( Syr Darya ). The death of Hulan, the queen on the road, saddens greatly the Khaan's soul; Chingis strikes first time Khwarezm, capturing Transoxiana; Otrar-Jalal al-Din defeats Mongol forces on several occasions during the war of 1219-
1221-After suffering a defeat by an army personally led by Chingis Khan, however, Jalal al-Din is forced to flee;
1220-Mongols occupy Otrar/in today's Southern Kazakstan/, Bukhara, Samarkand and northern Persia; Kharhorin is declared as the capital of Mongolian Empire;
1221- Chingis Khaan occupies Khorassan-Mongolian expeditionary armies led by Generals Zebe and Subedei makes the most impressive raid ever known in military history around the Caspian Sea and into Russia before returning to Chingis' main army;
1222-The Khaan arrives from Kabul to Samarkand; The Chinese Taoist monk Chang- chun visits Chingis Khan, and extensively discusses philosophical matters with him;
1223-General Mukhulai dies in northern and his son takes his command; Armies led by Zebe and Subeedei reach Krimea and defeat Polovians; Mongols defeat a Russian of 80000 in the famous the battle of Kalka River ; General Subedei returns home after annihilating a large Georgian army. General Zebe dies soon after this campaign;
1224- Chingis Khaan meets his sons in Central Asia and makes analisis of conducted campaigns;
1225-Chingis Khaan retuns to Mongolia; Chingis Khaan distributes the occupied Euroasian lands among his sons: Zuchi (western part), Ogodei (southern Siberia and western Mongolia), Tsagaaday (Transoxania and Kara-Khitai) andTolui (the traditional Mongol lands);
1226- Zuchi, the oldest son the Khaan dies in the steppe of today's Kazakstan during a hunting on wild asses leaving behind his 8 wives and 14 sons. His sons, Ordu and Batu takes the his power. Chingis Khaan orders to build a mausoleum for his oldest son; Chingis Khaan departs for 4th time on war against Xia-Xia of Tanguts, a people who control the area of silk road between Tibet and China; The Chingis Khaan gets injured falling from a horse; Jalal-ad -din returns to Persia to revive the empire lost by his father, Muhammad 'Ala al-Din II;
1227- Mongols finally defeat the country of Tanguts and their leader is killed; On August 18th, The Great Chingis Khaan, the Father of all Mongols, ascends to Heaven from sustained injury at the end of the campaign against Tanguts; Chinggis Khaan is buried in a secret location which would remain a mystery for centuries; The greatest Khaan is succeeded by Ogodei who rules over Chaghatay's khanate in West Turkestan, Tolui's original Mongolia, Batu's Blue Horde in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, and Orda's White Horde in Kazakhstan and Ogodei moves the capital to Karakorum; They continued the siege of the capital of Xi-Xia even after his death. Mongols destroy Khara-Hoto or " Black City"; The Mongol forces sent against Jalal-ad -Din are defeated at Dameghan. Another army that marches against Jalal al-Din scores a pyrrhic victory in the vicinity of Isfahan , but is unable to follow up that success; Hasar, the younger brother of the Great Khaan dies;
1229-In accordance with the wish of Chingis Khaan, the power is officially passed to Ogodei, his 3rd son at the Great Hurildai/Asembly/ held on bank of Herlen River. His 3 sons as well as his grand-sons attend the Assemby;
1231-Great Khaan Ogodei leads the war against China; Mongol troops occupy Altan state; Mongols occupy Adzerbaidjan-Mongols attack Corea-At great Hurildai/assembly/ in Harkhorin, the militaty expeditions to west are discussed;
1236-Subedei, with Chingis Khaan's grandson Batu as the nominal leader, started the great 1236-1242 campaign with 150,000 men to subjugate all of . "The Secret History of The Mongols" describe all the princes of the blood as "succorers of Subedei." Subedei determined that the campaign had to be started during winter. The Mongols were accustomed to cold winters;
1237-Batu Khaan, a grandson of Chingis Khaan, launches an invasion into Kievan Rus' from his capital on the lower Volga (at present-day Kazan ). Over the next three years the Mongols destroy the major cities of Kievan Russ with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov . The regional princes are not deposed, but they are forced to send regular tribute to the Mongol state, which became known as the Empire of the Golden Horde;
1238- Mongols defeat Volga Bolgars and penetrate into Ryazan; Batu Khaan moves to russian steppes to join the rest of mongol forces; Batu Khaan starts 2nd time the war against Russia; Mongols occupy Chernigov;
1240-Mongols occupy Kiev ; The Secret History of Mongols is written in Hodoo Aral steppes surrounding Avraga the first capital of Mongolia; Batu Khaan occupies Russian principalities;
1241-In April, Mongols army fight with fierce bravery and skills against several Hungarian armies, which are all defeated, in consequent battles for Pest at the Sajo river, where army led by Batu crossed during the evening of April 10, while Subedei's army crosses the river elsewhere covered by the dark of night. Mongol soldiers wiped out several large armies and killed more than 200 000 of the finest European warriors during some few weeks in 1241; On December 11, In the Great Ogodei Khaan dies. The news of his death, forces Mongols army which already stayed at gates to Vienna , ride back to Mongolia. because With the death, the position of Great Khaan was vacant, and the Mongol had to return in order to face the new political situation, that is to elect a new khaan. It prevented all Europe to be conquered by Mongol army led by the generals Batu and Subeedei; Turakhan, the queen, the widow of Great Khaan Ogodei takes the charge of power untill next Great Khaan is elected;
1242 -Tsagaadai, 2nd son of Chingis Khaan dies of a illness; Batu Khaan, the grandson of Chingis Khaan, establishes his "Golden Horde" at Sarai on the Lower Volga;
1243-Returning from western campaigns, Batu Khaan commences the creation of a state on land of Kipchaks;
1245-John of Plano Carpini sent by Pope, makes first contact with Mongols;
1246-Guyug, 1st son of Ogedei is crowned as Great Khaan at Great Hurildai held in Harkhorin; first cencus of population is held in Mongolia ; Subedei, one of Chingis Khaan's greatest and most brilliant generals, died at the age of 70;
1248-Guyug Khaan dies in Mongolia;
1251- On July 1st, Great Hurildai/Great Assembly/ is held in Hodoo aral steppes of today's Eastern Mongolia. The sons of Batu, younger brothers of Munkhe-Hubilai, Hulegu, Mukha and Arigbukh attend the Hurildai. Munkhe, 1st son of Tolui/the youngest son of Chingis Khaan/, is crowned as the Great Khaan;
1252-Mongols battle arab countries;
1253-Hulegu, 3rd son of Tolui, finishes the occupation of Irak;
1255 -General Zebe dies; Batu, the first khaan of The Mongol Golden Horde in Russia, dies; Monkh Khaan orders Hubilaim the 2nd son of Tolui, to build a city-palace nearby today's Dolnuur city;
1256 During the 2nd expedition, a Mongol army led by Hulegu, a grand son of Chingis Khaan completes the occupation of Persia and seizes much of Anatolia-Hulegu Khaan establishes Ilkhanid king, domnominally subject to the great Khan, Hubilai, ruler of China and Mongolia. Kingdom lasts till 1335; Following Monkh Khaan's order, Hubilai builds a city nearby today's Dolnuur city and names it Kaipin;
1258-While at Bagdad , Hulegu Khaan gives his astronomer, Nasir al-din permission to build an observatory. The town of Maragha was the site chosen, and, under the superintendence of Nasir al-din and four western Asiatic astronomers who were associated with him, a handsome observatory was built, and furnished with "armillary spheres and astrolabes, and with a beautifully-executed terrestrial globe showing the five climates';
1259- Munkhe Khaan who happened to be the last Mongolian Great Khaan who resided in Mongolia, dies- Mongols troops stationed to attack Egyptian Mamluks are called back home;
1260-Main forces of Mongols attack China-Arigbukh is elected as Khaan in Harkhorin in opposition to Hubilai in China; Breaking the tradition of election of Mongol Khaans, Hubilai organizes an illegal Hurilday in Kaipin where he is elected as Khaan by his supporters; Mongols lose battle with Egyptian Mamluks-Forces of Arigbukh and Alandar batlle in the eastern Gobi against Hubilai army led byHadan;
1261- Hubilai and Arigbokh, the sons of Tului battle again each other;
1264-Hubilai moves the Mongol Empire’s capital from Harkhorin to Haanbalig/"city of Khaan"/ or Daidu/future Beijing / in China-Arigbukh, the younger brother of Hubilai admits his failure on fight for Great Khaan's throne;
1265-Hulegu dies;
1266- Arig bukh dies; Haidu, the grand-son of Ogodei Khaan forms an alliance against Hubilai;
1271- Hubilai becomes the Emperor of Yuan Mongol Dynasty in China;
1274-After learning the naval warfare on Yangtze River, Mongols attack Japan;
1275-Zebe, the one of the greatest General of Chingis Khaan and his sons, dies at age 99; Marco Polo, his father and uncle arrive at Shang-tu, the Yan capital, where they pay respects to the Mongol Emperor of Yan Dinasty in . It took them 3.5 years to make the entire journey, with many stops and detours along the way. During his 17 years in China , Marco Polo is allegedly appointed an official of the imperial government according to him. And he is entitled to travel all over . If it is true;
1279-Khubilai completes the occupation of China;
1280-Mongols attack Burma; Munkhe becomes the Khaan of Golden Orde State in Russia;
1281- Mongols attack second time Japan;
1282: the Uzbek Khaan converts the Shaybanid Mongols to Islam and his horde becomes known as the Uzbeks;
1287-Mongols under command of Nayan in Manchuria rebell against Hubilai Khaan-Mongols occup;
1292-Hubilai sends an army of 30 000 to Java. The Mongols win initial victories, but they retreat soon;
1294-Hubilai Khaan dies;
14th Century:
1301-Haidu/the grandson of Ogoodei/. who was in trouble with Hubilai for 40 years, dies;
1304- Mongols under Ali Beg invade India but are repelled by the Delhi sultanate
1305- Ulziit Khaan sends a letter to Philippe 1 of France;
1307-Olzii Tomor Khaan dies; Haisan Huleg Khaan is elected;
1311-Haisan Huleg Khaan dies; Rashid –Ad-Din composes an historical account entitled; Tumur Khaan establishes Herlen Bar city in eastern Mongolia;
1312 Ayur balbad is declared as Khaan;
1324-Esen Tomor Khaan is crowned;
1326-Esen Tomor Khaan dies;
1328-The Golden Orde's ruler Batu Khaan, the the grand-son of Chingis Khaan, recognizes Moscow's Ivan 1st,;
1336-Tamerlan or Dogolon Tumur is born near Samarkand;
1337-Chinese rebell against Mongol occupation;
1365: the turkic-speaking Timur/Tamerlane overthrow the Chaghatai khanate and conquers Persia, establishing his capital in Samarkand
1368 -Chinese drive 60000- Mongol troops led by Togoontumor/the last Mongol Emperor of the China;
1370- Mongolian capital is moved back from Beijing to Harkhorin;
1380- When Moscow becomes stronger, a prince named Dmitri Donskoy attacks Mongols and obtains the decisive victory at Kulikovo field at Don over Mongols. The victory makes him a popular hero. But Mongol domination continues until 1480; Chinese troops raid into Mongolia and destroy Harkhorin;
1389-Tumur ravages Kashgar in today’s Xinjiang;
15th Century:
1402: Timur captures Ottoman Turk Sultan Beyazid I
1405: Timur dies (buried in Samarkand) on his way to conquer China and his empire disintegrates;
1407: Timur's son Shah Rukh re-conquers most of Timur's empire;
1409-Oirad Mongols attack Beijing;
1414-Oirad forces are defeated by Chinese;
1417: Shah Rukh is succeeded by his son Ulugh Beg
1421-Oirad Mongol forces penetrate as far as Issyk Kul Lake in Central Asia;
1434-Togoon, an Oirad commander rules all Mongolia;
1414-Chinese troops defeat Oirad forces;
1417: Shah Rukh is succeeded by his son Ulugh Beg
1449-Oirad Mongols under command of Esen Khaan attack Beijing and capture a Chinese emperor; Ulugh Beg is murdered by his own son
